Quality of information offered to women by drug sellers providing medical abortion in Nigeria: Evidence from providers and their clients.

Background: Evidence confirmed that the demand for medical abortion (MA) increased significantly during the COVID-19 outbreak in many developing countries including Nigeria. In an abortion-restrictive setting like Nigeria, local pharmacies, and proprietary patent medicine vendors (PPMVs) continue to play a major role in the provision of MA including misoprostol. There is the need to understand these providers' knowledge about the use of misoprostol for abortion and the quality of information they provide to their clients. This analysis is focused on assessing the quality of care provided by both drug seller types, from drug sellers' and women's perspectives. Methodology: This study utilized primary data collected from drug sellers (pharmacists and PPMVs) and women across 6 Local Government Areas in Lagos State, Nigeria. The core sample included 126 drug sellers who had sold abortion-inducing drugs and 386 women who procured abortion-inducing drugs from the drug sellers during the time of the study. We calculate quality-of-care indices for the care women received from drug sellers, drawing on WHO guidelines for medication abortion provision. The index based on information from the sellers had two domains-technical competency and information provided to clients, while the index from the women's perspectives includes an additional domain, client experience. Results: Results show that the majority of drug sellers in the sample, 56% (n = 70), were pharmacists. However, far more than half of women 60% (n = 233) had visited PPMVs. Overall, the total quality score amongst all drug sellers (mean 0.48, SD0.15) was higher than the total score calculated based on women's responses (mean 0.39, SD 0.21). Using our quality-of-care index, pharmacies and PPMVs seem to have similar technical competency (mean score of 0.23, SD 0.13 in both groups (range 0-1), whilst PPMV's performed better on the information provided to client domain (mean score of 0.79, SD 0.17 compared with pharmacies 0.69, SD 0.25). Based on women's reports, PPMVs scored better on both quality of care domains (technical competency and information provided to clients) compared with pharmacies. Program/Policy Implication: In resource-constrained settings such as Nigeria, particularly in the context of health emergencies like COVID-19, there is the need to continue to strengthen and engage PPMVs' capacity and skills in dispensing and administration of MA drugs as a harm reduction strategy. Also, there is the need to target frontline providers in pharmacies for training and skill upscale in MA provision.

The Health System Costs of Postabortion Care in Senegal.

CONTEXT: Unsafe abortion is common in Senegal, but postabortion care (PAC) is not accessible to some women who need it, and the cost to the health care system of providing PAC is unknown. METHODS: The cost to Senegal's health system of providing PAC in 2016-at existing service levels and if access were hypothetically expanded-was estimated using the Post-Abortion Care Costing Methodology, a bottom-up, ingredients-based approach. From September 2016 to January 2017, face-to-face interviews were conducted with PAC providers and facility administrators at a national sample of 41 health facilities to collect data on the direct and indirect costs of care provision, as well as the fees charged to patients. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the precision of the results. RESULTS: In total, 1,642 women received PAC at study facilities in 2016, which translates to 18,806 women receiving PAC nationally. Public facilities provided nearly all services. The average cost per patient at study facilities was US$26.68; nationally, the estimated cost was US$24.72. The estimated total national cost of providing PAC at existing levels was US$464,928; direct costs accounted for more than three-quarters of the cost. Charges to PAC patients amounted to 20% of all incurred costs. If service provision had been expanded to meet all PAC needs, estimated total costs to the health system would have been US$804,518. CONCLUSION: The annual costs of PAC are substantial in Senegal. Greater investment in ensuring access to contraceptives could lower these costs by reducing the number of unintended pregnancies that often lead to unsafe abortion.

RESUMEN Contexto: El aborto inseguro es una práctica común en Senegal, pero la atención postaborto (APA) no es accesible para algunas mujeres que la necesitan y se desconoce el costo de proveer APA para el sistema de atención a la salud. Métodos: Se estimó el costo de proveer APA para el sistema de salud de Senegal en 2016 ­a los niveles de servicio existentes y si, hipotéticamente, el acceso se expandiera­mediante el uso de la Metodología de Costeo de la Atención Postaborto, un enfoque ascendente basado en componentes. De septiembre de 2016 a enero de 2017 se condujeron entrevistas personales con proveedores de APA y administradores de instituciones de salud en una muestra nacional de 41 instituciones de salud, con el fin de recolectar datos sobre los costos directos e indirectos de la provisión de atención, así como sobre las cuotas que se cobran a las pacientes. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad para examinar la precisión de los resultados. Resultados: En total, 1,642 mujeres recibieron APA en las instituciones de salud del estudio en 2016, lo que se traduce en 18,806 mujeres que recibieron APA a nivel nacional. Las instituciones de salud pública proveen casi la totalidad de los servicios. El costo promedio por paciente en las instituciones del estudio fue de US$26.68; a nivel nacional, el costo estimado fue de US$24.72. El costo total estimado a nivel nacional de proveer APA a los niveles existentes fue de US$464,928; los costos directos representaron más de las tres cuartas partes del costo. Los cargos cobrados a las pacientes de APA ascendieron al 20% del total de costos incurridos. Si la provisión del servicio se hubiera expandido para satisfacer todas las necesidades de APA, los costos estimados para el sistema de salud habrían sido de US$804,518. Conclusión: Los costos anuales de la APA son cuantiosos en Senegal. Una mayor inversión para garantizar el acceso a anticonceptivos podría disminuir estos costos al reducir el número de embarazos no planeados que, con frecuencia, conducen al aborto inseguro.

RÉSUMÉ Contexte: L'avortement non médicalisé est courant au Sénégal, mais les soins après avortement (SAA) ne sont pas accessibles à certaines femmes qui en ont besoin et le coût de la prestation de ces soins, au niveau du système de santé, est inconnu. Méthodes: Le coût pour le système sanitaire sénégalais de la prestation de SAA en 2016 ­ aux niveaux existants et si l'accès était hypothétiquement élargi ­ a été estimé selon l'approche ascendante par élément PACCM (Post-Abortion Care Costing Methodology). De septembre 2016 à janvier 2017, des entretiens en personne ont été menés avec des prestataires de SAA et des administrateurs d'établissement dans un échantillon national de 41 structures de santé, dans le but de collecter des données sur les coûts directs et indirects de la prestation de soins, ainsi que sur les frais imposés aux femmes. La précision des résultats a été examinée par analyse de sensibilité. Résultats: Au total, 1 642 femmes avaient reçu des SAA dans les structures soumises à l'étude en 2016, ce qui équivaudrait à 18 806 femmes à l'échelle nationale. Presque tous les services étaient fournis dans des structures publiques. Le coût moyen par patiente dans les structures de l'étude était de 26,68 dollars américains. À l'échelle nationale, ce coût était estimé à 24,72 dollars. Le coût national total estimé de la prestation de SAA aux niveaux existants a été calculé à 464 928 dollars. Les coûts directs représentent plus de trois quarts de ce montant. Les frais imposés aux patientes de SAA s'élevaient à 20% de la totalité des coûts encourus. Si la prestation de services avait été étendue pour satisfaire à la totalité des besoins de SAA, les coûts totaux estimés, pour le système de santé, auraient atteint 804 518 dollars. Conclusion: Les coûts annuels des SAA sont considérables au Sénégal. Un investissement accru dans l'assurance de l'accès à la contraception permettrait de faire baisser ces coûts par réduction du nombre de grossesses non planifiées qui mènent souvent à un avortement non médicalisé.

Stakeholder views on the incorporation of traditional birth attendants into the formal health systems of low-and middle-income countries: a qualitative analysis of the HIFA2015 and CHILD2015 email discussion forums.

BACKGROUND: Health workforce shortages are key obstacles to the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals. Task shifting is seen as a way to improve access to pregnancy and childbirth care. However, the role of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) within task shifting initiatives remains contested. The objective of this study was to explore stakeholder views and justifications regarding the incorporation of TBAs into formal health systems. METHODS: Data were drawn from messages submitted to the HIFA2015 and CHILD2015 email discussion forums. The forums focus on the healthcare information needs of frontline health workers and citizens in low - and middle-income countries, and how these needs can be met, and also include discussion of diverse aspects of health systems. Messages about TBAs submitted between 2007-2011 were analysed thematically. RESULTS: We identified 658 messages about TBAs from a total of 193 participants. Most participants supported the incorporation of trained TBAs into primary care systems to some degree, although their justifications for doing so varied. Participant viewpoints were influenced by the degree to which TBA involvement was seen as a long-term or short-term solution and by the tasks undertaken by TBAs. CONCLUSIONS: Many forum members indicated that they were supportive of trained TBAs being involved in the provision of pregnancy care. Members noted that TBAs were already frequently used by women and that alternative options were lacking. However, a substantial minority regarded doing so as a threat to the quality and equity of healthcare. The extent of TBA involvement needs to be context-specific and should be based on evidence on effectiveness as well as evidence on need, acceptability and feasibility.